Graffiti can be considered as a means of communication and a Purposeful medium which informs people of what is going on in the lower layers of urban life, despite the restrictions having been imposed upon public places. Writings and pictures of the events and movements of the second half of the 14th century in Iran still remain on the city walls, through which one can get acquainted not only with the ideas and beliefs of people but also the activities of political and social groups. These murals are now a subset of the graffiti style of art. The present study examines those graffiti in Kashan which have survived from 1977 up to the late 1390s. The purpose of this developmental research is to introduce and document the graffiti of Kashan and to answer these questions: Have graffiti had an impact on Kashan’ s society? How much it has been able to influence the development around Kashan. Therefore, deploying a descriptive-analytical approach and data collected through library studies and field forms. The research has founded out that the graffiti studied include a variety of contents including ideological, cultural, political, and religious ones that can be divided into the Islamic Revolution era, the imposed-war era, and the contemporary era.

A review of criminal law clearly reveals that in Iran's legal system, there is no particular logic of penalization, and in these laws, many inappropriate penalties exist in terms of type, degree and inefficiency in achieving the goals. Cliché and irregular punishments not only result in failure to meet the goals of punishment, but leads to undesirable and adverse effects on the perpetrator. Determining the appropriate punishment and the optimum level of efficiency, is very complex issue and requires attention to many components. The present article, which Seeks to the identify Purposeful penalization model, insists that the legislator must, in each crime, before any other issues should determine his "Main purpose" and choose the type of punishment according to that goal, and avoid from totalitarianism for acquisition of opposite objectives. Regarding the amount of punishment, the legislators should also consider the ease and advantages of committing a crime, the dark figure of crime, the commonness of crime and the relationship of crimes with each other, while at the same time, in line with the principle of individualizing punishment and increasing the positive effect of punishment, The judge must give more authority to determine the amount of punishment.

The purpose of this study was  constructing and validating of Purposeful classroom management questionnaire in virtual education. The statistical population included students of public and Payame Noor universities in Tehran. Convenient sampling method was used and sample size according to Morgan table for unlimited communities was equal to 384 cases. Researcher-made Purposeful management questionnaire and the Dehghanizadeh and HosseinChari Academic Buoyancy (2014) were used for data collection. Exploratory factor analysis and first and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the views of experts and the criterion validity was confirmed based on the correlation coefficient with Academic Buoyancy. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Purposeful classroom management questionnaire have four basic components. First and second order factor analysis indicated that the four-dimensional structural of Purposeful classroom management were valid. As a result, in a situation where face-to-face education is challenged due to crises such as epidemics, natural disasters or air pollution and teachers are forced to teach virtually, measuring the dimensions of Purposeful classroom management and Receiving corrective feedback based on it can be a practical tool to improve learning outcomes.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in kinship verification via facial images in the eld of computer vision. The matter of fact is that kinship verification is done according to similarities of parent and child faces. To this end, we need more local features extraction. All the methods reviewed so far, however, suffer the fact that they have divided images into distinct block, to extract more local features. The main problem has two aspects: aimless division and features extraction from unnecessary regions that lead to overlapping, noise and reduction of classification rate. In this paper, at rst, the main parts of face such as eyes, nose and mouth are detected along with the whole face image. Then they will be used for feature extraction. In order to reduce feature vectors redundancy, new method of feature selection named as Kinship Feature Selection (KinFS), based on Random Subset Feature Selection (RSFS) algorithm is proposed. This method reduces the redundancy and improves verification rate by selecting effective features. The experiment results show that Purposeful feature extraction by proposed KinFS method are efficient in improving kinship verification rate.

Creating a targeted and real transformation in the health sciences education system, with careful planning based on the current needs of society, is an inevitable necessity to improve the quality of graduates and respond to the challenges of the health system. This transformation is not an option, but a fundamental necessity to improve the health of the society. The Academy of Medical Sciences has presented eight proposed strategies in this statement.

IntroductionThree types of city models may be identified in terms of type and level of intervention in their forms: 1. The “shaping” city, 2. the “shaped” city, and 3. the city where its form is a combination of “shaping” and “shaped”. Obviously, the quantity (numbers) of the three model types are by no means the same, i.e. it varies greatly from time to time, system to system, as well as from region to region. From the time when urban design was officially recognized as an academic field and a profession, up to now, in the middle of the last century, a question has always been seriously addressed by philosophers, intellectuals and urban design professionals. The question is that what level of intervention in the form of city is truly logical and reasonable. We have been witnessing the creation of two entirely opposite poles [no intervention at all (pre and post-modern) to full intervention (in the modern era). Undoubtedly, each of these models has been based on a specific paradigm and worldview.